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《華林國際佛學學刊》第一卷‧第一期(2018):89–131; https://dx.doi.org/10.6939/HIJBS.201804_1(1).0004
(本文屬於專刊《佛教在西方》

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從美藏三尊日本兜跋毘沙門像管窺毘沙門崇拜在東亞的興起Tobatsu Bishamon: Three Japanese Statues in the United States and an Outline of the Rise of This Cult in East Asia

葛然諾(Phyllis GRANOFF)
耶魯大學(Yale University)

摘要(Abstract兜跋毘沙門天是日本對毘沙門天的獨特稱謂,不見於漢語文獻。在佛經和傳說中,毘沙門天都被描述為富貴長壽之神,也是守護佛法和國土的戰神。在圖像學上特點是由地天女神撐托,身穿盔甲,頭戴多邊寶冠,冠有鳥形,兩肩有焰輪,胸前有日月輪。本文的目的是考索毘沙門信仰在東亞的興起與及其根源。通過分析日本、中國、中亞、西藏、印度以及伊朗的圖像和文獻資料,筆者指出,于闐的毘沙門造像即是日本所見兜跋造像。在于闐,其崇拜與當地神聖王權緊密結合在一起。從這一線索入手,筆者發現毘沙門信仰有兩處神格的融合,一為伊朗的王權之神法羅,二為印度象徵財富的混合神格“散脂大將-俱毘羅-毘沙門天”。其圖像學特徵均可以由此得以解釋。在向漢地和日本傳播的過程中,除保留了財富和守護的神格,又融入了地方民間信仰;在藝術造型上,也逐漸脫去異域色彩,迎合本土審美要求。

Tobatsu bishamonten 兜跋毘沙門天 is the Japanese name for Vaiśravaṇa and is not found in Chinese sources. In Buddhist sūtras and legends, Vaiśravaṇa is generally portrayed as the deity of wealth and longevity, as well as a warrior god that protects the dharma and the sovereignty of kingdom. In terms of iconography, Vaiśravaṇa is identifiable by the adjoining Goddess Pṛthvī, the armor, the multi-sided bird-shaped crown, the flamed wheel behind two shoulders, and the wheels of sun and moon on the chest. The purpose of this article is to investigate the rise of Vaiśravaṇa in East Asia and the historical root of the East Asian Vaiśravaṇa. By analyzing the iconographical and textual sources in Japan, China, Central Asia, Tibet, India and Iran, I postulate that the Japanese Tobatsu bishamonten is related to the Khotanese Vaiśravaṇa. In Khotan, the worship of Vaiśravaṇa is closely associated with the royal power—a clue which I will investigate in order to show that Vaiśravaṇa combines the profile of two deities: Pharo, the god of Persian royalty and Pāñcika-Kuvera-Vaiśravaṇa, the Indian god of wealth. This postulate could explain the particularities in Vaiśravaṇa’s iconography. Moreover, as the Vaiśravaṇa cult spread to China and Japan, it not only preserved its association with wealth and protection, but also incorporated folk beliefs. In its iconography, Vaiśravaṇa also gradually shed its foreign characteristics and adapted to local aesthetics.

關鍵詞(Keywords)兜跋毘沙門天(Tobatsu bishamonten)、毘沙門天崇拜(Vaiśravaṇa cult)、散脂大將(Pāñcika)、法羅(Pharo)、神聖王權(sacred sovereignty)

 

關於作者:自2004年7月1日任耶魯大學教授。她曾在加拿大安大略省漢密爾頓的麥克馬斯特大學任教,並曾在法國社會科學高等研究院,美國加州大學伯克萊分校和哈佛大學訪學或演講。她研究印度诸古典宗教——佛教,印度教,耆那教,並在印度藝術和文學領域屢有著述發表。她的研究興趣包括當代印度文學,她出版了孟加拉語和奧里亞語短篇小說的翻譯。她是 Journal of Indian Philosophy (《印度哲學雜誌》)的主編。她最近的出版物包括 The Victorious Ones: Jain Images of Perfection,此論文集附有她在魯賓藝術博物館策劃的耆那教藝術展。聯同篠原亨一(Koichi Shinohara),她合編了許多書,包括 Images in Asian Religions(《亞洲宗教中的圖像》)和 Pilgrims, Patrons and Place (《朝聖者、功德主與聖地》) 。最近他們二人編輯了關於亞洲宗教中罪惡的問題的論文集,很快將會在荷蘭的Brill (博睿)出版。她目前的研究項目包括研究耆那教和佛教僧侶關於疾病的戒律以及對美國博物館藏品中耆那教手稿的全面研究。她是 Jain Heritage Preservation Project(耆那教文化遺產保護計劃)的高級顧問,該項目由德克薩斯州達拉斯的 Jiv Daya Foundation 管理。

 

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