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《华林国际佛学学刊》第一卷‧第一期(2018):171–192; https://dx.doi.org/10.6939/HIJBS.201804_1(1).0006
(本文属于专刊《佛教在西方》)
法国华人佛教的组织模式:移民、宗教与全球化(Buddhist Groups among Chinese Immigrants in France: Three Patterns of Religious Globalization)
汲喆 (JI Zhe)
法国国立东方语言与文明学院(INALCO)
摘要(Abstract):汉传佛教作为一种被实践的宗教,直到二十世纪末才在法国才逐步形成规模。依据历史档案、相关研究和田野调查,本文回顾了汉传佛教在法国的传播过程,考察了法国华人移民的结构,幷分析了佛教在法国华人社区得以建构的三种模式。这三种模式分别优先使用了一种全球化的媒介,即同乡群体、跨国组织和网路通讯技术。作者认为,宗教的全球化是一个多层的跨界过程,在这一过程中,不同类型的团体与个体行动者共同改变了宗教与社会—地理空间的联系。移民佛教在僧俗关系和宗教权威的合法化方式上展现出与传统佛教不同的特点,其话语和实践也同时受到中、法社会与政治条件的影响。
It was only after decades of development that Chinese Buddhism, as a practiced religion, gained its present social influence and visibility in France. Based on both archival research and fieldwork, this article examines how Buddhism has been constructed in the Chinese diaspora in France in three patterns. Each of these patterns prioritizes a main globalization medium, which are respectively ethno-linguistic immigrant group, transnational organizational system, and the information technology. The author argues that the religious globalization is a multi-layered trans-boundary process, through which communities, organizations, and individuals recompose the relations between the religious practice and the globalized socio-geographic space. In this process, various clergy-laity relationships and diverse manners of the legitimization of authority are all integrated into a complex topology, which are at the same time shaped by global, national and local factors.
关键词(Keywords):汉传佛教(Sinitic Budhdism)、华人移民(Chinese immigrants)、法国(France)、宗教传播(transmission of religions)、全球化(globalization)
关于作者:法国国立东方语言与文明学院(INALCO)社会学教授、法国多学科佛教研究中心(CEIB)主任。他的主要研究领域包括佛教与社会变迁、政教关系、宗教教育、宗教全球化以及宗教社会学理论。近着有 Religion, modernité et temporalité: une sociologie du bouddhisme chan contemporain (CNRS Editions, 2016),主编有《二十世纪中国佛教的两次复兴》(与 Daniela Campo、王启元合编,复旦大学出版社,2016),Making Saints in Modern China (co-edited with David Ownby and Vincent Goossaert, Oxford University Press, 2017), Buddhism after Mao: Negotiations, Continuities, and Reinventions (co-edited with Gareth Fisher and André Laliberté, University of Hawai‘i Press, 2019)。译著包括法国社会学年鉴学派的重要作品,如涂尔干的《宗教生活的基本形式》(与渠敬东合译)、莫斯的《礼物》、涂尔干与莫斯合着的《原始分类》等。
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